A damning report on a deadly London high-rise fire concluded Wednesday that decades of failures by government, regulators, and industry turned Grenfell Tower into a “death trap” where 72 people lost their lives.
The years-long public inquiry into the 2017 blaze found that there was no “single cause” of the tragedy, but said a combination of dishonest companies, weak or incompetent regulators, and complacent government led the building to be covered in combustible cladding that turned a small apartment fire into the deadliest blaze on British soil since World War II.
The inquiry’s head, retired judge Martin Moore-Bick, said the victims’ deaths were all avoidable, adding residents “were badly failed over a number of years” by multiple people and organizations.
“All contributed to it in one way or another, in most cases through incompetence but in some cases through dishonesty and greed,” he said.
Prime Minister Keir Starmer apologized on behalf of the British state, saying the tragedy “should never have happened” and promising to act on the report’s recommendations.
“Today is a long-awaited day for truth but it must now lead to a day of justice,” he told Parliament.
While the report may give survivors some of the answers they have long sought, they must wait to see whether anyone responsible will be prosecuted. Police will examine the inquiry’s conclusions before deciding on charges, which could include corporate or individual manslaughter. They say any prosecutions are unlikely before late 2026.
Natasha Elcock of the group Grenfell United urged authorities to “deliver justice and bring charges against those who are culpable for the deaths of our loved ones.”
“We paid the price for systematic dishonesty, institutional indifference and neglect,” said Ms. Elcock, a survivor who lost her uncle in the fire.
The fire broke out in the early hours of June 14, 2017, in a fourth-floor apartment and raced up the 25-story building like a lit fuse, fueled by flammable cladding panels on the tower’s exterior walls.
The tragedy horrified the nation and raised questions about lax safety regulations and other failings by officials and businesses that contributed to so many deaths.
“How was it possible in 21st century London for a reinforced concrete building, itself structurally impervious to fire, to be turned into a death trap?” asked the report.
It concluded: “There is no simple answer to that question.”
Grenfell Tower, built from concrete in the 1970s, had been covered during a refurbishment with aluminum and polyethylene cladding – a layer of foam insulation topped by two sheets of aluminum sandwiched around a layer of polyethylene, a combustible plastic polymer that melts and drips on exposure to heat.
The report was highly critical of companies that made the cladding. It said they engaged in “systematic dishonesty,” manipulating safety tests and misrepresenting the results to claim the material was safe.
It said insulation manufacturer Celotex was unscrupulous, and another insulation firm, Kingspan, “cynically exploited the industry’s lack of detailed knowledge.” Cladding panel maker Arconic “concealed from the market the true extent of the danger,” the report said.
It said the combustible cladding was used because it was cheap and because of “incompetence of the organizations and individuals involved in the refurbishment” – including architects, engineers, and contractors – all of whom thought safety was someone else’s responsibility.
The inquiry concluded the failures multiplied because bodies in charge of enforcing building standards were weak, the local authority was uninterested, and the “complacent” U.K. government – led from 2010 to July 2024 by the Conservative Party – ignored safety warnings because of a commitment to deregulation.
The inquiry has held more than 300 public hearings and examined around 1,600 witness statements. An initial report published in 2019 criticized the fire department for initially telling residents to stay in their apartments and await rescue. By the time the advice was changed, it was too late for many on the upper floors to escape.
London Fire Brigade came in for further criticism for a “chronic lack of effective management and leadership,” poor training in high-rise fires and outdated communications equipment.
The Grenfell tragedy prompted soul-searching about inequality in Britain. Grenfell was a public housing building set in one of London’s richest neighborhoods, near the pricey boutiques and elegant houses of Notting Hill. The victims, largely people of color, came from 23 countries and included taxi drivers and architects, a poet, an acclaimed young artist, retirees, and 18 children.
The report said the inquiry had “seen no evidence that any of the decisions that resulted in the creation of a dangerous building or the calamitous spread of fire were affected by racial or social prejudice,” though it said the public body that managed Grenfell Tower had failed to treat residents with “understanding and respect.”
The prime minister said the tragedy “poses fundamental questions about the kind of country we are, a country where the voices of working class people and of those of color have been repeatedly ignored and dismissed.”
After the fire, the U.K. government banned metal composite cladding panels for new buildings and ordered similar combustible cladding to be removed from hundreds of tower blocks across the country. But the work hasn’t been carried out on some apartment buildings because of wrangling over who should pay.
Mr. Starmer said work to remove the dangerous cladding had been “far, far too slow.”
The report made multiple recommendations, including tougher fire safety rules, a national fire and rescue college, and a single independent regulator for the construction industry to replace the current mishmash of bodies.
The ruined tower, which stood for months after the fire like a black tombstone on the west London skyline, still stands, now covered in white sheeting. A green heart and the words “Grenfell forever in our hearts” are emblazoned at the top.
Sandra Ruiz, whose 12-year-old niece, Jessica Urbano Ramirez, died in the fire, said that “for me, there’s no justice without people going behind bars.”
“Our lives were shattered on that night. People need to be held accountable,” she said. “People who have made decisions putting profit above people’s safety need to be behind bars.”
This story was reported by The Associated Press. AP Writers Danica Kirka and Pan Pylas contributed to this report.